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| ORIGINAL ARTICLE |
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| Year : 2019 | Volume
: 67
| Issue : 1 | Page : 100-104 |
Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder in Indian children: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Anil Chauhan1, Jitendra K Sahu2, Nishant Jaiswal1, Kiran Kumar1, Amit Agarwal1, Jasleen Kaur1, Sukhmanjeet Singh1, Meenu Singh3
1 Indian Council of Medical Research Advanced Centre for Evidence Based Child Health, Chandigarh, India
2 Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
3 Indian Council of Medical Research Advanced Centre for Evidence Based Child Health; Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| Date of Web Publication | 7-Mar-2019 |
Correspondence Address:
Dr. Meenu Singh
Department of Pediatrics, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh - 160 012
India
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/0028-3886.253970
Background: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a developmental disability and is of public health importance. It affects not only the child and the family. It also has direct and indirect cost implications on the nation that are incurred in providing health care, support for education, and rehabilitative services. There is a lack of evidence-based estimate of the population prevalence of ASD in India. Therefore, this systematic review was aimed at determining the prevalence of ASD in the Indian population.
Materials and Methods: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the published studies evaluating the prevalence of ASD in the community setting. A search within the published literature was conducted from different databases (PubMed, OvidSP, and EMBASE). The analysis of data was done using STATA MP12 (StataCorp, College Station, TX, USA).
Results: Four studies were included in this systematic review. Of the four included studies, one had studied both urban and rural populations, and the other three had studied the urban populations only. The study from the rural setting showed a pooled percentage prevalence of 0.11 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.01–0.20] in children aged 1-18 years; and, four studies conducted in the urban setting showed a pooled percentage prevalence of 0.09 (95% CI 0.02–0.16) in children aged 0-15 years.
Conclusion: The scarcity of high-quality population-based epidemiological studies on ASD in India highlights an urgent need to study the burden of ASD in India. The proper acquisition of data related to the prevailing burden of ASD in India would lead to a better development of rehabilitative services in our country.
Keywords: Autism, community, prevalence, screening tool
Key Message: This review systematically analyzed data from the Indian studies to determine the community-based prevalence estimate of ASD in India. It demonstrated a relatively low prevalence estimate of ASD in the community-based setting in India compared to the published international literature. This discrepancy could be due to the lack of standardized tools for the evaluation of the disorder in the pediatric population as well as because the included studies used variable criteria in their assessment of its prevalence.
How to cite this article:
Chauhan A, Sahu JK, Jaiswal N, Kumar K, Agarwal A, Kaur J, Singh S, Singh M. Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder in Indian children: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurol India 2019;67:100-4 |
How to cite this URL:
Chauhan A, Sahu JK, Jaiswal N, Kumar K, Agarwal A, Kaur J, Singh S, Singh M. Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder in Indian children: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurol India [serial online] 2019 [cited 2023 Jun 4];67:100-4. Available from: https://www.neurologyindia.com/text.asp?2019/67/1/100/253970 |
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is an important cause of developmental disability worldwide. Its estimated prevalence is 1% in the United Kingdom and 1.5% in the United States.[1],[2] There have been various epidemiological surveys to determine the prevalence estimates of ASD during the past decade. The data based on these surveys showed an increase in the prevalence of ASD worldwide. The prevalence was estimated to be 61.9/10,000 globally in 2012.[3]
India is a populous country of nearly 1.3 billion people with children ≤15 years constituting nearly one-third of the population. It has been estimated that more than 2 million people might be affected with ASD in India.[4] Most of the reported studies on ASD are based upon hospital-based data and thus lack information on the prevalence estimates of this disorder in India.[5],[6],[7] There are only a few studies focusing on its prevalence in the community settings. Furthermore, lack of uniform application of fully validated and translated autism diagnostic tools makes it difficult to estimate the exact prevalence of ASD.[8] There is also under-recognition of the disorder due to a delay in the diagnosis of ASD at a young age.[9]
ASD not only affects the child and the family but also has direct and indirect cost implications on the nation as resources have to be utilized in providing health care, support for education, and rehabilitative services for these children.[10] There is a lack of systematic reviews focused exclusively on the prevalence of ASD in India. Therefore, this study was designed to estimate the prevalence of ASD in Indian children below 18 years of age.
| » Materials and Methods | |  |
Search strategy
We conducted a search within the published literature from different databases (PubMed, OvidSP, and EMBASE). The searches were current as of March 2018 and we identified articles with information on the prevalence of ASD in Indian children. Our search strategy included the following search terms: ((((((”Autism” [Mesh] OR “Autistic Disorder”[Mesh] OR “Autism Spectrum Disorder”[Mesh])) AND ((((infant) OR pediatrics) OR children) OR child))) AND India)) AND prevalence [Appendix 1].
Selection of studies and data collection
We screened prospective/retrospective, cross-sectional, and cohort (hospital and community based) studies of children with ASD in the Indian population <18 years of age. The titles and abstracts of all potential studies were screened independently by three authors (AC, SS, and AA) through Covidence (www.covidence.org), which is recommended by the Cochrane organisation and is a core component of Cochrane's review production toolkit. All the potential studies identified through Covidence were classified as either 'eligible' and 'ineligible' studies. We retrieved the full text of eligible studies, and two authors (AC and JS) independently screened the full text, identifying the studies for inclusion, and recording the reasons for exclusion of the ineligible studies. Discrepancies, if any, were resolved through discussions with the third author (MS) and her verdict was considered as being final. The reasons for exclusion of those studies which were excluded from this review are mentioned in [Figure 1]. The data extraction table was prepared to extract data from the included studies. After data extraction, the primary author entered the data into the STATA version 12.0 software. We checked for any error of the data being entered in the STATA MP12 software by comparing it with the study reports.
Data analysis
Three authors (AC, NJ, and KKT) performed the data analysis using the STATA MP12 software. The random effect model was used to analyze the data. Subgroup analysis was done between children with ASD diagnosed in the urban and rural settings.
| » Results | | |
A total of 195 studies were identified by searching through different databases (PubMed, EMBASE, Ovid). Out of the 195 studies screened, 4 community-based studies fulfilled the eligibility criteria and were included in this review [Figure 1] and [Table 1].[11],[12],[13],[14]
ASD was diagnosed with different diagnostic tools in different populations. The choice of the best diagnostic tool leads to an enhancement in securing the specific diagnosis of ASD in the community and hospital. The various diagnostic tools used to screen and diagnose ASD in the included studies were Diagnostic Statistical Manual-IV (DSM-IV), Indian Scale for Assessment of Autism (ISAA), and other tools listed in [Table 2]. All the studies screened and diagnosed ASD through a two-stage procedure, including the screening and confirmation of the disorder [Table 2]. All the applied tools have a similar diagnostic approach with multiple and different diagnostic questions. The four studies included in this systematic review have included the diagnostic screening of 130,599 children. Two of the studies were from South India (Kerala), one study was from Eastern India (Kolkata), and one study was from North India (Himachal Pradesh) [Table 1]. One study by Raina et al., had screened both urban and rural populations for autistic disorders.[12] The sub-group analysis was done pertaining to the rural and urban settings. Of the four included studies, the one conducted in the rural setting showed a percentage prevalence of 0.11 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.01–0.20 in the age range of 1–18 years, and there were four studies conducted in the urban setting showing the pooled percentage prevalence of 0.09 (95% CI 0.02–0.16) in the age range of 0–15 years [Figure 2]. | Table 2: Methodological details of ASD screening and evaluation among the included studies
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 | Figure 2: Community-based study showing percentage prevalence of ASD in children (random effect model)
Click here to view |
| » Discussion | | |
This systematic review reports a relatively low percentage prevalence of ASD in both rural and urban community-based settings in India. There were surprisingly lower number of prevalence studies present in the literature, and only four studies were found eligible to be included in this review. All the enrolled studies were recently published and specifically belonged to the time period between 2014–17. However, all the four studies, which were included in this systematic review, have used a varied spectrum of diagnostic tools for screening of autism. Some studies have used a single diagnostic tool and others have used more than one diagnostic tool to diagnose autism.
Autism is a developmental disorder with an early onset in childhood.[15] There is no single screening tool that may be considered specific for the diagnosis of autism and which could be applicable worldwide. There are tools which are standardized to the local conditions and are being evaluated for their efficacy in establishing its diagnosis. Therefore, there might be an under- or over-estimation of the prevalence of ASD in different geographic distributions due to this variability in assessment. The ISAA is a locally developed standardized tool useful for the diagnosis of ASD. The ISAA includes screening questions pertaining to social relationship and reciprocity, emotional responsiveness, speech, language and communication, behavioral patterns, and has sensory and cognitive components.[16] However, it has been applied in only one study.[12] The DSM-IV has been used for the clinical evaluation of screened children in two studies.[11],[13]
In a population-based prevalence estimate from the United States, the pooled estimated prevalence of ASD was 14.6 per 1000 (1 in 68) children aged 8 years.[3] In a survey in the United Kingdom, the weighted prevalence of ASD in adults was 9.8/1000 (95% CI 3.0–16.5).[1] In our systematic review, the pooled estimate of autism varied from the rural to the urban population from 14/10,000 to 12/10,000. These figures are relatively lower than those reported from the United States and United Kingdom. Our prevalence estimates were similar to the prevalence of 8.3/10,000 in children aged 3–12 years reported from the Chinese population.[17] A recent systematic review of the South Asian (Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka) population has reported the percentage prevalence rate ranging from 0.09% to 1.07% among children in the age group of 0–17 years with ASD.[18]
A study by Nair et al., (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Kerala 16) demonstrated the highest sample size with screening of 101,438 children.[11] This study was conducted in Kerala and was aimed at diagnosing most of the developmental disabilities such as developmental delay, global developmental delay, autism, and cerebral palsy using simple and standardized screening tools.[11] There is a need for such large population-based epidemiological surveys, which will be helpful in estimating the exact burden of ASD in our country. However, Nair et al., studied children in the age range of 0–6 years, which could be responsible for the observed low prevalence in this age group as the diagnostic yield is lower in the younger age group. Poovathinal et al., reported a relatively higher prevalence which could be due to the inclusion of children upto the age range of 15 years.[11],[13] However, the population screened by Nair et al., was larger, and therefore, the study had received a higher weightage in pooled prevalence estimates of the urban subgroup. It thus provided lower estimates in the urban setting.[11]
Our systematic review had a few limitations. First, we could not perform quality assessment of the enrolled studies due to the lack of standardized and validated tools that specifically focus on the prevalence of ASD. Second, there was a heterogeneity in the methodology among the applied diagnostic tools used in the included studies, which might have led to under- or over-estimation of the prevalence data. Third, the enrolled studies were recent, and therefore, we could not perform a trend analysis of the prevalence rate. Fourth, our subgroup analysis on rural versus urban population might not have been robust because there was only one study that had included data on the prevalence of ASD in the rural setting.
| » Conclusion | | |
This review systematically analyzed data from the Indian studies with the aim to determine the community prevalence estimate of ASD in India. This is a singular systematic review and it demonstrated relatively low prevalence estimates of ASD in the community-based setting in India. The conclusion should be interpreted in the context of the above-mentioned limitations. The study also highlights that there are scarce, high-quality, population-based epidemiological studies on this topic. As India is a vast country, there is an urgent need to have large population-based surveys with unified screening and diagnostic tools.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
| » References | | |
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[Figure 1], [Figure 2]
[Table 1], [Table 2]
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