| REVIEW ARTICLE |
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| Year : 2007 | Volume
: 55
| Issue : 3 | Page : 260--266 |
Immunotherapy for fungal infections with special emphasis on central nervous system infections
Iyer G Parameswaran1, Brahm H Segal2
1 Division of Infectious Diseases, University at Buffalo School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA
2 Division of Infectious Diseases, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
Correspondence Address:
Brahm H Segal
Division of Infectious Diseases, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263
USA
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/0028-3886.35687
Opportunistic fungal infections are major causes of morbidity and mortality in the immunocompromized. Fungi have evolved complex and coordinated mechanisms to survive in the environment and the mammalian host. Fungi must adapt to "stressors" in the host, including nutrient scarcity, pH and reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates, in addition to evading host immunity. Knowledge of the immunopathogenesis of fungal infections has paved the way to promising strategies for immunotherapy. These include strategies that increase phagocyte number, activate innate host defense pathways in phagocytes and dendritic cells and stimulate antigen-specific immunity (e.g., vaccines). Immunotherapy must be tailored to specific immunocompromized states. Our review focuses on cryptococcosis and coccidioidomycosis because of the propensity of these diseases to involve the central nervous system (CNS). The CNS has long been considered "immunologically privileged" in the sense of being isolated from normal immune surveillance. This notion is only partially accurate. Immune-based therapies for fungal CNS disease are at an exploratory level and merit further evaluation in clinical trials.
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