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| CASE REPORT |
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| Year : 2004 | Volume
: 52
| Issue : 4 | Page : 501-503 |
MRI findings in Kallmann syndrome
R Madan , Vijay Sawlani , Sushil Gupta , RV Phadke
Departments of Radiodiagnosis, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rae Bareli Road, Lucknow, India
| Date of Acceptance | 14-Jan-2004 |
Correspondence Address:
Dept. of Radiodiagnosis, SGPGIMS, Lucknow - 226014, India
[email protected]
Kallmann syndrome (KS) is a neuronal migration disorder characterised by hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism and anosmia or hyposmia. Five patients with clinical findings suggestive of KS were evaluated with MRI. All patients had abnormalities of olfactory system. Olfactory bulbs were absent in all patients. Olfactory sulci were absent in 3 patients and hypoplastic in 2 patients. Anterior pituitary was hypoplastic in two patients. The MRI findings in KS are characteristic and MRI is a useful adjunct to the diagnosis of KS.
How to cite this article:
Madan R, Sawlani V, Gupta S, Phadke R V. MRI findings in Kallmann syndrome
. Neurol India 2004;52:501-3 |
| » Introduction | |  |
Kallmann syndrome is an inherited disorder characterized by hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism and anosmia or hyposmia.[1] Reported incidence is 1 in 10,000 men and 1 in 50,000 women. KS is due to abnormal migration of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) as well as olfactory neurons from olfactory placode to the forebrain and hypothalamus during fetal life. This is secondary to failure of genetic expression of cell markers that guide migrating neurons.[2],[3] Structural olfactory tract abnormalities are well seen on MRI due to high resolution and multiplannar capability. We present MRI findings in five cases of KS.
| » Case History | | |
Five male patients (Age range 21-34 years) with clinical findings suggestive of KS were evaluated with MR imaging. All patients had anosmia and hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism. (Serum LH < 1.5 IU/L, Serum FSH < 1.5 IU/L, Testosterone <20 ng/dl). GnRH stimulation test was not performed, as the clinical picture was compatible with KS. All studies were performed on 1.5 T GE (Signa) scanner. MRI sequences included coronal T1 (TR/TE 600/15) and T2 W (TR/TE 4500/90) images from the anterior margin of the frontal sinus to the hypothalamus. Images were obtained at 3 mm thickness with 0.3 mm interslice gap. In addition axial T1, T2W and sagittal T1W images were obtained. The olfactory sulci and bulbs were assessed as normal, hypoplastic or absent. (Sulci were assessed as hypoplastic in comparison to rest of cerebral sulci). Pituitary gland was also evaluated and anterior pituitary was assessed as normal or hypoplastic (Height < 4 mm).[4]
Abnormalities of olfactory sulci and bulbs were noted in all 5 patients [Table - 1]. All patients had absent olfactory bulbs [Figure - 1], [Figure - 2], [Figure - 3]. Olfactory sulci were absent in 3 patients [Figure - 2] and hypoplastic in 2 patients [Figure - 4]. Anterior pituitary was hypoplastic in 2 patients [Figure - 4]. Posterior pituitary appeared normal in all patients. There was no correlation of imaging findings with the degree of anosmia and hypogonadism.
| » Discussion | | |
KS is an association of olfactory and genital abnormalities, which was first noted by Mastre de san Juan in 1856. In 1944, Kallmann described a syndrome of primary eunuchoidism secondary to hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism associated with congenital anosmia.[1] Kallmann syndrome is an anomaly of neuronal migration. Cells that differentiate into Gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) secreting neurons originate from within embryonic olfactory epithelium and migrate along fascicles of vomeronasal and terminalis nerves into forebrain.[3] This migration of GnRH neurons is arrested in KS resulting in GnRH deficiency followed by different degrees of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) deficiencies.[3] Abnormal development of olfactory placode also results in improper development of olfactory bulbs and sulci. Other associated anomalies including various cardiovascular abnormalities, renal agenesis, cryptorchidism, short fourth metacarpal and facial anomalies have been reported in-patients with KS.[5] In none of our patients, other anomalies were noted.
Morphological abnormalities of olfactory apparatus in KS are best evaluated with MRI. Suzuki et al was the first to describe the visualization of olfactory bulbs and tracts on MR scans.[6] Olfactory bulbs are optimally visualized in coronal planes. Olfactory bulbs are seen as well-defined structures along cribriform plate. Olfactory sulci are seen between Gyrus rectus and medial orbital gyrus. High resolutions coronal fast spin echo T2W and T1W images are the preferred sequences for morphologic evaluation of the olfactory system.[7],[8],[9] Reported abnormalities include hypoplastic/aplastic olfactory sulci and olfactory bulb.[7],[8],[9],[10],[11],[12] In our study, all patients had abnormalities involving olfactory sulci and olfactory bulb. In addition, two patients had hypoplastic anterior pituitary gland. Hypoplasia of anterior pituitary may be secondary to limited stimulation due to absence of hypothalamic GnRH neurons.
Clinical diagnosis of KS in adults is fairly straightforward, depending on the co-existence of anosmia with subnormal levels of gonadal steroids and gonadotrophins. However the diagnosis may be difficult to establish in-patients of pre-pubertal age who may require genetic testing and MRI. In such patients, MRI enables a presumptive diagnosis of KS to be made by demonstrating characteristic abnormalities in olfactory sulci and tracts.
| » References | | |
| 1. | Kallmann FJ, Schoenfeld WA, Barrera SE. The genetic aspects of primary eunuchoidism. Am J Ment Defic 1944;48:203-6.  |
| 2. | Franco B, Guile S, Pragliola A. A gene deleted in Kallmann's syndrome shares homology with neural cell adhesion and axonal path-finding molecules. Nature 1991;353:529-36. |
| 3. | Doraiswamy M, Potts JM, Axelson DA, et al. MR assessment of pituitary gland morphology in healthy volunteers: Age and gender-related differences. Am J Neuroradiol 1992;13:1295-9. |
| 4. | Schwanzel-Fukuda M, Pfaff DW. Origin of luteinizing hormone -releasing hormone neurons. Nature 1989;338:161-4. [PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] |
| 5. | Moorman JR, Crain B, Osborne D. Kallmann's syndrome with associated cardiovascular and intracranial abnormalities. Am J Med 1984;77:369-72. [PUBMED] |
| 6. | Suzuki M, Takashima T, Kadoya M, Takahashi S, Miyayama S, Taira S. MR imaging of olfactory bulbs and tracts. Am J Neuroradiol 1989;10:955-7. [PUBMED] |
| 7. | Freitas P, Carvalho S, Ribeiro F, Marnoto D, Martins F. Neuroradiology of Kallmann's syndrome. Acta Med Port 2001;14:123-6. [PUBMED] |
| 8. | Truwit CL, Barkovich AJ, Grumbach MM, Martini JJ. MR imaging of Kallmann Syndrome: A Genetic Disorder of neuronal migration affecting the Olfactory and Genital systems. Am J Neuroradiol 1993;14:827-38. [PUBMED] |
| 9. | Munez A, Dieguez E. A plea for proper recognition: The syndrome of Maestre de San Juan-Kallman. Am J Neuroradiol 1997;18:1395-6. |
| 10. | Shiraishi K, Naito K. A case of Kallmann syndrome: Diagnostic usefulness of cranial magnetic resonance imaging. Hinyokika Kiyo 2000;46:509-12. [PUBMED] |
| 11. | Stern Y, Egelhoff J, Shott SR. Imaging quiz. Absence of the olfactory bulb and tracts consistent with Kallmann syndrome. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1998;124:342-3. |
| 12. | Fuerxer F, Carlier R, Iffenecker C, Schaison G, Doyon D. Magnetic resonance imaging of the olfactory pathways in Kallmann de Morsier syndrome. J Neuroradiol 1996;23:223-30. [PUBMED] |
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